// 1 filename:cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp
// ver 0.1 June.15, 2014
//
// 2 original examples and/or notes:
// (c) ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21 N3242, April 12, 2011
// http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2011/n3242.pdf
// >14 Templates 14.7 Template instantiation and specialization 14.7.1 Implicit instantiation
// (c) Dr. OGAWA Kiyoshi, kaizen at gifu-u.ac.jp,
//
// 4 compile errors and/or warnings:
// 4.1(c) Apple LLVM version 5.1 (clang-503.0.40) (based on LLVM 3.4svn)
// Target: x86_64-apple-darwin13.2.0,  Thread model: posix
// Command/Options: c++ -std=c++11 -stdlib=libc++ -Wall cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp
// (c) LLVM 2003-2009 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

// 4.2. g++-4.9 (GCC) 4.9.0 20131229 (experimental)
// Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
// This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  
// There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
// http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Standards.html
// Command/Options: g++-4.9  -std=c++11  -Wall cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp 
// g++-4.9: error: unrecognized command line option '-stdlib=libc++'
// Configuration:brew install gcc49
//
// 4.3. Visual Studio Express 2013, 
// (c) Microsoft http://www.visualstudio.com/
// SPEC:
// Windows 7, .NET Framework
// (c) VMware, Inc.
// VMWare fusion 6
//
// 5. Hardware:  MacBook Pro, 
//(c) Intel http://ark.intel.com/products/37006/
//Core 2 Duo 2.53GHz, 8GB, 1067MHz DDR3
//
// 6. Special Thanks: Upper organizatios and 
// ITSCJ/IPSJ http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/itscj_english/index.html
// Renesas Electronics Corporation.http://www.renesas.com/
// NPO SESSAME project, http://www.sessame.jp/workinggroup/WorkingGroup3/
// Toyo Corporation, http://www.toyo.co.jp/English/
// Japan Standard Association, http://bit.ly/1lzykg1
// NPO TOPPERS project, https://www.toppers.jp/asp-d-download.html
// Daido Universcity, http://www.daido-it.ac.jp/gakubugakka/computer/index.html
// WITZ Co.Ltd., http://www.witz-inc.co.jp/products/solution/solution.html
// SevenWise.co., http://www.7ws.co.jp/index.html
// TOYOTA Motor Corporation, http://toyota.jp/
// IT planning Inc., http://www.itpl.co.jp/en/index.html
// DENSO Corporation, http://www.globaldenso.com/en/
// Aisin Seiki co. Ltd., http://www.aisin.com/
// Spancion Inc., http://www.spansion.com/
// Yazaki Corporation, http://www.yazaki-group.com/global/
// Pananosic Corporation, http://www.panasonic.net/
// SWEST: Summer Workshop on Embedded System Technologies , http://swest.toppers.jp
// CEST: Consortium for Embedded System Technology, http://www.ertl.jp/CEST/
// JUSE: Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers, http://www.juse.or.jp/e/
// OSC:Open Source Conference, http://www.ospn.jp/

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string.h>
#include <cstring>
#include <type_traits>
#include <cassert>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <complex>
#include <ccomplex>
#include <cstddef>
#include <new>
#include <vector>
#include <valarray>

using namespace std;

template<class T> struct Z {
void f();
void g();
};
void h() {
Z<int> a; // instantiation of class Z<int> required
Z<char>* p; // instantiation of class Z<char> not required
Z<double>* q; // instantiation of class Z<double> not required
a.f(); // instantiation of Z<int>::f() required
p->g(); // instantiation of class Z<char> required, and
// instantiation of Z<char>::g() required
}
//
template<class T> class B { /* ... */ };
template<class T> class D : public B<T> { /* ... */ };
void f(void*);
void f(B<int>*);
void g(D<int>* p, D<char>* pp, D<double>* ppp) {
f(p); // instantiation of D<int> required: call f(B<int>*)
B<char>* q = pp; // instantiation of D<char> required:
// convert D<char>* to B<char>*
delete ppp; // instantiation of D<double> required
}
//
template <class T> struct S {
operator int();
};
void f(int);
void f(S<int>&);
void f(S<float>);
void g(S<int>& sr) {
f(sr); // instantiation of S<int> allowed but not required
// instantiation of S<float> allowed but not required
};
//
template<class T> class X;
//error: X<char> ch; // error: definition of X required
//
namespace N {
template<class T> class List {
public:
T* get();
};
}
template<class K, class V> class Map {
public:
N::List<V> lt;
V get(K);
};
void g(Map<const char*,int>& m) {
int i = m.get("Nicholas");
}
//
template<class T> void f(T x, T y = ydef(T()), T z = zdef(T()));
class A { };
A ydef(A);
A zdef(A);
void g(A a, A b, A c) {
f(a, b, c); // no default argument instantiation
f(a, b); // default argument z = zdef(T()) instantiated
f(a); // ill-formed; ydef is not declared
}
//
template<class T> class X {
X<T>* p; // OK
X<T*> a; // implicit generation of X<T> requires
// the implicit instantiation of X<T*> which requires
// the implicit instantiation of X<T**> which ...
};

int main() {
	//
	cout << "14 Templates 14.7 Template instantiation and specialization 14.7.1 Implicit instantiation" << std::endl;
	return 0;
}
// 1 output
// c++ -std=c++11 -stdlib=libc++  -Wall cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp:82:12: warning: unused variable 'q' [-Wunused-variable]
Z<double>* q; // instantiation of class Z<double> not required
           ^
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp:84:1: warning: variable 'p' is uninitialized when used here [-Wuninitialized]
p->g(); // instantiation of class Z<char> required, and
^
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp:81:11: note: initialize the variable 'p' to silence this warning
Z<char>* p; // instantiation of class Z<char> not required
          ^
           = nullptr
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp:94:10: warning: unused variable 'q' [-Wunused-variable]
B<char>* q = pp; // instantiation of D<char> required:
         ^
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp:125:5: warning: unused variable 'i' [-Wunused-variable]
int i = m.get("Nicholas");
    ^
4 warnings generated.
Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
  "void f<A>(A, A, A)", referenced from:
      g(A, A, A) in cpp2011-14-7-1-4766d6.o
  "f(B<int>*)", referenced from:
      g(D<int>*, D<char>*, D<double>*) in cpp2011-14-7-1-4766d6.o
  "f(S<int>&)", referenced from:
      g(S<int>&) in cpp2011-14-7-1-4766d6.o
  "ydef(A)", referenced from:
      g(A, A, A) in cpp2011-14-7-1-4766d6.o
  "zdef(A)", referenced from:
      g(A, A, A) in cpp2011-14-7-1-4766d6.o
  "Z<char>::g()", referenced from:
      h() in cpp2011-14-7-1-4766d6.o
  "Z<int>::f()", referenced from:
      h() in cpp2011-14-7-1-4766d6.o
  "Map<char const*, int>::get(char const*)", referenced from:
      g(Map<char const*, int>&) in cpp2011-14-7-1-4766d6.o
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)
// 1.2 gcc: g++-4.9 -std=c++11 -Wall cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp 
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp: In function 'void h()':
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp:82:12: warning: unused variable 'q' [-Wunused-variable]
 Z<double>* q; // instantiation of class Z<double> not required
            ^
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp: In function 'void g(D<int>*, D<char>*, D<double>*)':
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp:94:10: warning: unused variable 'q' [-Wunused-variable]
 B<char>* q = pp; // instantiation of D<char> required:
          ^
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp: In function 'void g(Map<const char*, int>&)':
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp:125:5: warning: unused variable 'i' [-Wunused-variable]
 int i = m.get("Nicholas");
     ^
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp: In function 'void h()':
cpp2011-14-7-1.cpp:84:7: warning: 'p' may be used uninitialized in this function [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
 p->g(); // instantiation of class Z<char> required, and
       ^
Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
  "void f<A>(A, A, A)", referenced from:
      g(A, A, A)  in ccigpdYG.o
  "f(B<int>*)", referenced from:
      g(D<int>*, D<char>*, D<double>*) in ccigpdYG.o
  "f(S<int>&)", referenced from:
      g(S<int>&)  in ccigpdYG.o
  "ydef(A)", referenced from:
      g(A, A, A)  in ccigpdYG.o
  "zdef(A)", referenced from:
      g(A, A, A)  in ccigpdYG.o
  "Z<char>::g()", referenced from:
      h()    in ccigpdYG.o
  "Z<int>::f()", referenced from:
      h()    in ccigpdYG.o
  "Map<char const*, int>::get(char const*)", referenced from:
      g(Map<char const*, int>&) in ccigpdYG.o
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status